மஞ்சள் காமாலை நோய் - Hepatitis A - Jaundice

Hepatitis A -Easy and Quick Reference

Hepatitis A, also called hep A, is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. 

Some people have only a mild illness that lasts a few weeks. Others have more severe problems that can last months. 

You usually get the disease when you eat or drink something contaminated by poop from a person who has the virus.



The hepatitis A virus usually isn’t dangerous. 

Almost everyone who has it gets better. But because it can take a while to go away, 

you’ll need to take care of yourself in the meantime.



Hepatitis A Symptoms

If you have this infection, the virus is causing inflammation in your liver. 

Some people, especially many children, don’t have symptoms. Others might have:



Jaundice (yellow eyes and skin)

Belly pain

Dark urine

Loss of appetite

Vomiting

Pale-colored poop

Joint pain

Fever

Fatigue



Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. 

Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and may take several weeks or months. 



Prevention

*Improved sanitation, food safety and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A.

*The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus.

*Thoroughly wash your hands often, especially after using the toilet or 

changing a diaper and before preparing food or eating. 

corona virus and Thermal Screening

Coronavirus and Thermal Screeing 

A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. 

A coronavirus can infect both animals and humans.

Most coronaviruses spread the same way other cold-causing viruses do: 

through infected people coughing and sneezing, 

by touching an infected person's hands or face, 

or by touching things such as doorknobs that infected people have touched.



Common Symptoms of Coronavirus

The symptoms of most coronaviruses are similar to any other upper respiratory infection,including 

runny nose, 

coughing, 

sore throat 

and fever.



Thermal Cameras

All live objects emit infrared energy or heat. Unlike regular cameras that record 

light reflected by objects, thermal cameras use heat sensors that can record heat 

generated by the body of a person or an object to create a 2D image with differing temperature levels. 

When a person stands before the cameras, on the computer screens the hotter objects are 

highlighted with a different colour palette than the rest.These cameras can be calibrated 

to detect abnormal body temperatures such as over 101 degrees.



Thermal cameras are effective only to the point of telling 

who has a higher body temperature or is running a high fever. 

It may not mean the person is infected with coronavirus. 

Additional screening systems are needed for that. 

லேப்பராஸ்கோப்பி அறுவை சிகிச்சை எப்படி செய்யப்படுகிறது? Laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopy and Laparoscopic surgery 

Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the 

inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin.

This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.

Large incisions can be avoided during laparoscopy because the surgeon uses an instrument called a laparoscope.This is a small tube that has a light source and a camera, 

which relays images of the inside of the abdomen or pelvis to a television monitor.



Procedure

During laparoscopy, the surgeon makes a small cut (incision) of around 1 to 1.5cm (0.4 to 0.6 inches), usually near your belly button.A tube is inserted through the incision, and carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the tube to inflate your tummy (abdomen). Inflating your abdomen allows the surgeon to see your organs more clearly and gives them more room to work. A laparoscope is then inserted through this tube. The laparoscope relays images to a television monitor in the operating theatre, giving the surgeon a clear view of the whole area.If the laparoscopy is used to carry out a surgical treatment, such as removing your appendix, further incisions will be made in your abdomen. Small, surgical instruments can be inserted through these incisions, and the surgeon can guide them 

to the right place using the view from the laparoscope. Once in place, the instruments can be 

used to carry out the required treatment.After the procedure, the carbon dioxide is 

let out of your abdomen, the incisions are closed using stitches or clips and a dressing is applied.

உயிர் காக்கும் கருவி- AED - தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்---எப்படி இதயத்திற்கு ஷாக் கொடுக்கப்படுகிறது?

Automated External Defibrillator - Quick and Easy reference

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a

lightweight, portable device that delivers an

electric shock through the chest to the heart. 



Sudden Cardiac Arrest occurs when the heart malfunctions and

stops beating unexpectedly. If not treated within

minutes, it quickly leads to death.

Most SCAs result from ventricular fibrillation (VF). 



How does an AED work?

A built-in computer checks a victim’s heart rhythm

through adhesive electrodes. The computer calculates

whether defibrillation is needed. If it is, a recorded

voice prompts the rescuer to press the shock button

on the AED. This shock momentarily stuns the heart

and stops all activity. It gives the heart the chance to

resume beating effectively. Audible prompts guide the

user through the process. AEDs advise a shock only

for ventricular fibrillation or another life-threatening

condition called pulseless ventricular tachycardia.



Non-medical personnel such as police, fire service

personnel, flight attendants, security guards and other lay

rescuers who have been trained in CPR can use AEDs.

Although formal training in the use of an AED is not

required, it is recommended to help the rescuer increase

their comfort and level of confidence. However, AEDs

are intended for use by the general public. Most AEDs

use audible voice prompts to guide the user through the

process.

மயக்க மருந்து எப்படி செயல்படுகிறது? Local, Regional and GeneralAnesthesia

Local, Regional and General Anaesthesia 

Anaesthesia refers to the practice of administering medications either 

by injection or by inhalation (breathing in) that block the feeling of pain and other sensations, 

or that produce a deep state of unconsciousness that eliminates all sensations, 

which allows medical and surgical procedures 

to be undertaken without causing undue distress or discomfort. 



Local anesthesia 

Local anesthesia is used to numb the feelings in a specific part of the body. 

This prevents pain during surgical procedures.



Regional anesthesia

Regional anesthesia is a type of pain management for surgery that numbs a 

large part of the body, such as from the waist down. 

This type of anesthesia, including spinal blocks and epidurals, is often used for childbirth.



General anesthesia

General anesthesia is most commonly used for major operations, such as knee and hip replacements, heart surgeries and many types of surgical procedures to treat cancer. Many of these surgeries are lifesaving or life-changing and would not be possible without general anesthesia.

மூளைச்சாவு (அ) மூளை இறப்பு - தெரிந்து கொள்வோம் (Brain Death)

Brain death

Brain death is the total and irreversible loss of all brain function and the

circumstance under which the donation of vital organs most commonly takes place.



Brain death occurs when a person has an irreversible, catastrophic brain injury,

which causes total cessation of all brain function (the upper brain structure and brain stem).

Brain death is not a coma or persistent vegetative state.

Brain death is determined in the hospital by one or more physicians

not associated with a transplantation team.



Some causes of brain death include (but are not limited to):

*Trauma to the brain (i.e. severe head injury caused by a motor vehicle crash,

gunshot wound, fall or blow to the head)

*Cerebrovascular injury (i.e. stroke or aneurysm)

*Anoxia (i.e. drowning or heart attack when the patient is revived,

but not before a lack or blood flow/oxygen to the brain has caused brain death)

*Brain tumor



When the brain is injured, it responds like other injuries—it swells.

However, the brain is confined in the skull and has no room to swell.

This leads to brain death.



How does the doctor determine brain death?

Doctors examining the patient will conduct a battery of tests to determine

whether any brain activity is present.

If all brain activity is absent, the patient is dead.



Organ Donation

Organ Donation is the gift of an organ to a person with end stage organ disease

and who needs a transplant.



How can you be a donor?

The process of organ donation

*Living people in their lifetime can pledge their organs.

They will receive Donor Card which acts as a will for donating the organs.

*In case of brain dead patients, Transplantation of Human Organs

Act has been established with the rules to be followed for organ donation.

Apart from the procedures laid down in the act, consent from family, coroner and

legal authorities is obtained before starting the process.

Down syndrome or Trisomy-21 or Mangolism

Down syndrome or Trisomy-21 or Mangolism

People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome.

With Down syndrome, this extra chromosome leads to a range of

issues that affect you both mentally and physically.



Normally, each cell in your body has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

One chromosome in each pair comes from your mother.

The other comes from your father.

But with Down syndrome, something goes wrong and you

get an extra copy of chromosome 21.

That means you have three copies instead of two,

which leads to the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome.



Nuchal translucency scan

Nuchal translucency is a newly introduced ultrasound test

that measures the thickness of the fluid accumulated in the region of the base of the fetus's head.

The most reliable results are obtained between the 11th and the 13th week of pregnancy.

In fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities,

cardiac defects and many genetic syndromes the NT thickness is increased.

Screening by NT can detect about 80% of fetuses with trisomy 21 and other

major aneuploides for a false positive rate of 5%.



Why is nuchal translucency testing performed?

During fetal development, between the 11th and the 14th week,

fluid accumulates under the skin in the scalp and nape region. In cases

where there is excessive fluid (usually a fluid band of greater than 3 mm width)

there is an increased risk of a fetus with both chromosomal defects

and anatomical defects. This test can detect women who are at increased risk

for having infants with chromosomal or structural disorders.