மயக்க மருந்து எப்படி செயல்படுகிறது? Local, Regional and GeneralAnesthesia

Local, Regional and General Anaesthesia 

Anaesthesia refers to the practice of administering medications either 

by injection or by inhalation (breathing in) that block the feeling of pain and other sensations, 

or that produce a deep state of unconsciousness that eliminates all sensations, 

which allows medical and surgical procedures 

to be undertaken without causing undue distress or discomfort. 



Local anesthesia 

Local anesthesia is used to numb the feelings in a specific part of the body. 

This prevents pain during surgical procedures.



Regional anesthesia

Regional anesthesia is a type of pain management for surgery that numbs a 

large part of the body, such as from the waist down. 

This type of anesthesia, including spinal blocks and epidurals, is often used for childbirth.



General anesthesia

General anesthesia is most commonly used for major operations, such as knee and hip replacements, heart surgeries and many types of surgical procedures to treat cancer. Many of these surgeries are lifesaving or life-changing and would not be possible without general anesthesia.

மூளைச்சாவு (அ) மூளை இறப்பு - தெரிந்து கொள்வோம் (Brain Death)

Brain death

Brain death is the total and irreversible loss of all brain function and the

circumstance under which the donation of vital organs most commonly takes place.



Brain death occurs when a person has an irreversible, catastrophic brain injury,

which causes total cessation of all brain function (the upper brain structure and brain stem).

Brain death is not a coma or persistent vegetative state.

Brain death is determined in the hospital by one or more physicians

not associated with a transplantation team.



Some causes of brain death include (but are not limited to):

*Trauma to the brain (i.e. severe head injury caused by a motor vehicle crash,

gunshot wound, fall or blow to the head)

*Cerebrovascular injury (i.e. stroke or aneurysm)

*Anoxia (i.e. drowning or heart attack when the patient is revived,

but not before a lack or blood flow/oxygen to the brain has caused brain death)

*Brain tumor



When the brain is injured, it responds like other injuries—it swells.

However, the brain is confined in the skull and has no room to swell.

This leads to brain death.



How does the doctor determine brain death?

Doctors examining the patient will conduct a battery of tests to determine

whether any brain activity is present.

If all brain activity is absent, the patient is dead.



Organ Donation

Organ Donation is the gift of an organ to a person with end stage organ disease

and who needs a transplant.



How can you be a donor?

The process of organ donation

*Living people in their lifetime can pledge their organs.

They will receive Donor Card which acts as a will for donating the organs.

*In case of brain dead patients, Transplantation of Human Organs

Act has been established with the rules to be followed for organ donation.

Apart from the procedures laid down in the act, consent from family, coroner and

legal authorities is obtained before starting the process.

Down syndrome or Trisomy-21 or Mangolism

Down syndrome or Trisomy-21 or Mangolism

People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome.

With Down syndrome, this extra chromosome leads to a range of

issues that affect you both mentally and physically.



Normally, each cell in your body has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

One chromosome in each pair comes from your mother.

The other comes from your father.

But with Down syndrome, something goes wrong and you

get an extra copy of chromosome 21.

That means you have three copies instead of two,

which leads to the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome.



Nuchal translucency scan

Nuchal translucency is a newly introduced ultrasound test

that measures the thickness of the fluid accumulated in the region of the base of the fetus's head.

The most reliable results are obtained between the 11th and the 13th week of pregnancy.

In fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities,

cardiac defects and many genetic syndromes the NT thickness is increased.

Screening by NT can detect about 80% of fetuses with trisomy 21 and other

major aneuploides for a false positive rate of 5%.



Why is nuchal translucency testing performed?

During fetal development, between the 11th and the 14th week,

fluid accumulates under the skin in the scalp and nape region. In cases

where there is excessive fluid (usually a fluid band of greater than 3 mm width)

there is an increased risk of a fetus with both chromosomal defects

and anatomical defects. This test can detect women who are at increased risk

for having infants with chromosomal or structural disorders.

லூபஸ்..LUPUS or SLE

LUPUS or SLE

In lupus, something goes wrong with the immune system, 

which is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs ("foreign invaders," like the flu).

Normally our immune systems produce proteins called "antibodies" which protect the body from these invaders.

"Autoimmunity" means your immune system cannot tell the difference 

between these foreign invaders and your body’s healthy tissues ("auto" means "self"). 

As a result, it creates autoantibodies that attack and destroy healthy tissue.

These autoantibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body.



SYMPTOMS

Butterfly-shaped rash across cheeks and nose

Painful or swollen joints

Sun- or light-sensitivity (photosensitivity)

Fingers turning white and/or blue when cold (Raynaud’s phenomenon)

Fever

Swelling (edema) in feet, legs, hands, and/or around eyes

Pain in chest on deep breathing (pleurisy)

Headaches

Hair loss

Treatment

Treating lupus is a lifelong process. It requires ongoing planning and communication. 

Right now, there’s no cure for lupus, but there’s a lot you can do to manage 

the disease and improve your quality of life.

Tonsils - டான்சில் (அ) அடிநா சதை/Tonsillitis - தொண்டை அழற்சி

Tonsil and Tonsillitis - Easy and Quick Reference

Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils that affects millions of individuals each year.

Tonsils are situated at the back of the throat. They are collections of

lymphoid tissue that form part of the immune system.

Tonsils are the body's first line of defense against external pathogens.

Tonsillitis can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection.



The most common symptoms of tonsillitis include:



a sore throat and pain when swallowing

red and swollen tonsils with pus-filled spots

high temperature

headache

difficulty swallowing

pain in the ears and neck

tiredness

difficulty sleeping

swollen lymph glands

   If a person experiences tonsillitis seven times within a

single year or 3 episodes per year for 3 consecutive years,

a doctor would probably consider surgery.

CATARACT surgery- கண் புரை அறுவை சிகிச்சை

Cataract - Quick and Easy Reference

Aging is the most common cause.This is due to normal eye changes that happen starting around age 40.

That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down.

This is what causes the lens to get cloudy.

People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses.

Symptoms of Cataracts

Here are some vision changes you may notice if you have a cataract:

*Having blurry vision

*Seeing double (when you see two images instead of one)

*Being extra sensitive to light

*Having trouble seeing well at night, or needing more light when you read

*Seeing bright colors as faded or yellow instead

*It is like looking through a foggy or dusty car windshield.

Cataract Surgery

Your surgeon will enter into the eye through tiny incisions near the edge of your cornea .

The surgeon uses these incisions to reach the lens in your eye.

Using very small instruments, he or she will break up the lens with the cataract and remove it.

Then your new lens is inserted into place.

Usually your surgeon will not need to stitch the incisions closed.

Brain fever or Encephalitis - மூளைக் காய்ச்சல்

Encephalitis: Quick and Easy Review

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. The inflammation causes the brain to swell. 

This leads to changes in a child's nervous system that can include confusion, 

changes in alertness, and seizures.

There are many causes of encephalitis: viruses, bacteria, parasites, chemicals, 

and even autoimmune reactions.

நிபா வைரஸ் -காரணங்கள்,அறிகுறிகள்,தாக்காமல் இருக்க சில வழிமுறைகள் Nipah VIRUS

Nipah virus - Easy and Quick reference

Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs),

or contaminated foods and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human.

Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus.



Symptoms

Infected people initially develop symptoms including fever, headaches, muscle pain, vomiting

and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness,

and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis.

Encephalitis and seizures occur in severe cases, progressing to coma within 24 to 48 hours.



Prevention

Currently, there are no vaccines available against Nipah virus.

* Do not drink toddy that is brewed in open containers near palm trees.

* Do not eat fruits that may have been bitten by bats.

* Hands should always be kept clean using soap or alcohol hand rubs.

இதய அடைப்பிற்கு புதிய நவீன சிகிச்சை முறை-ஆஞ்சியோஜெட் த்ராம்பெக்டமி (ANGIOJET THROMBECTOMY)

AngioJet Thrombectomy - Easy and Quick Reference



AngioJet Thrombectomy is used to break up a blood clot

that is causing partial or full obstruction of blood flow in an artery.

AngioJet Thrombectomy is often used prior to Angioplasty with or without Stent placement,

to remove dangerous blood clots, making the Angioplasty procedure safer and more effective.

கோடை கால வெப்ப நோய்கள் வராமல் தடுக்கும் வழிகள் - How to prevent from Sum...

How to prevent from Summer diseases - Summer Tips

* Drink plenty of water and increase fluid intake like coconut water, buttermilk and lemon water,
both at home and while traveling to keep yourself hydrated.
* Do not eat under cooked and street food and avoid eating outside. Try to eat fresh fruits and vegetables
like watermelon, cucumber.
* The body temperature rises as you lose water to dehydration. So replacing and drinking fluids is
extremely essential to prevent dehydration and to keep the body cool.
Increase intake of water and fluids. Avoid beverages that contain alcohol, caffeine, and sugar.
* Avoid stepping out in sun between 12 am to 4 pm.

கோடை கால வெப்ப நோய்கள்- Common Summer diseases

Common Summer Diseases



Prickly heat rashes

During summers, Prickly heat rash is a common skin problem amid children and adults.

This typically results when a person sweats too much.

Skin reddening, dryness, irritation are the visible signs of skin rash.

Rashes are one of the common summer diseases. Apply

talcum powder to avoid sweat accumulation in folds of skin and also try to clean these areas frequently.



Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is a serious condition. If untreated, it may prove fatal.

If you encounter a headache, vomiting, cramps, weakness, drying of skin,

rapid heart rate, high body temperature or shallow breathing,

it’s pretty possible you’re experiencing a heat stroke.

Drink adequate liquids. Additionally, staying in cooler areas helps avoid heat stroke conditions.



Diarrhoea

As food gets spoilt quickly, diarrhoea is common in summer.

Eating contaminated food and unsafe drinking habits can lead to diarrhoea.

To keep away from diarrhoea, make sure that you drink water only after

boiling it and wash vegetables thoroughly before and after slicing them



Chicken Pox

Chicken pox makes of one of the most common summer disease.

It starts in the form of fluid filled, red and small rashes accompanied

by fever as high as 102 Fahrenheit and ultimately turns into fluid-filled

blisters which crust or chip over leaving marks on the skin.



Measles

Measles is yet another common summer disease. Also known as rubeola or morbilli,

it’s more or less the same as chicken pox in the way it is transmitted.

It usually infects the lining at the back of the throat.

கோடை கால வெப்ப நோய்கள்- Common Summer diseases

Common Summer Diseases



Prickly heat rashes

During summers, Prickly heat rash is a common skin problem amid children and adults.

This typically results when a person sweats too much.

Skin reddening, dryness, irritation are the visible signs of skin rash.

Rashes are one of the common summer diseases. Apply

talcum powder to avoid sweat accumulation in folds of skin and also try to clean these areas frequently.



Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is a serious condition. If untreated, it may prove fatal.

If you encounter a headache, vomiting, cramps, weakness, drying of skin,

rapid heart rate, high body temperature or shallow breathing,

it’s pretty possible you’re experiencing a heat stroke.

Drink adequate liquids. Additionally, staying in cooler areas helps avoid heat stroke conditions.



Diarrhoea

As food gets spoilt quickly, diarrhoea is common in summer.

Eating contaminated food and unsafe drinking habits can lead to diarrhoea.

To keep away from diarrhoea, make sure that you drink water only after

boiling it and wash vegetables thoroughly before and after slicing them



Chicken Pox

Chicken pox makes of one of the most common summer disease.

It starts in the form of fluid filled, red and small rashes accompanied

by fever as high as 102 Fahrenheit and ultimately turns into fluid-filled

blisters which crust or chip over leaving marks on the skin.



Measles

Measles is yet another common summer disease. Also known as rubeola or morbilli,

it’s more or less the same as chicken pox in the way it is transmitted.

It usually infects the lining at the back of the throat.

சின்னம்மை நோய் -காரணங்கள்,அறிகுறிகள்,வராமல் தடுக்கும் வழிகள் Chicken Pox...

Chicken pox - Easy and quick reference



         Chicken pox, also referred to as Varicella, is an extremely contagious disease

that is caused by infection of the virus, Varicella zoster.

It results in small painful blisters across the body. It is an airborne disease,

which spreads through a cough and sneeze of a contaminated person.

causes

This is a highly contagious disease and spreads rapidly.

The disease is transmitted by direct contact with someone who has been affected

by the disease or by breathing in the virus particles.



Symptoms

Chickenpox appears 10 to 21 days after introduction to the virus and usually lasts for 5 to 10 days.

A rash is the prime manifestation of the disease. Once the chickenpox rash appears,

it goes through two phases, small fluid-filled blisters (vesicles),

and crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters.

Other symptoms that surface 1 to 2 days before the rash include:



Fever.

Tiredness.

A general feeling of being unwell.

Headache.

Raised pink or red bumps.

Malaise.

Prevention

To prevent the occurrence of the disease, one should get the chickenpox vaccine.

The vaccine is very effective at preventing chickenpox.

Most people who get a dose of the vaccine do not get affected by the disease,

and even if they do, the symptoms are much milder in intensity.

சிறுநீரக பாதிப்பு ஏற்படாமல் தடுப்பதற்கான சில வழிமுறைகள் #kidney

How can I prevent kidney Diseases?



*Control your blood sugar if you have diabetes.

*Keep a healthy blood pressure.

*Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet.

*Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.

*Keep a healthy weight.

*Do not smoke or use tobacco.

*Limit alcohol.

டயாலிஸிஸ் சிகிச்சை -தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்-Haemodialysis

Dialysis--Overview



Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood

when the kidneys stop working properly.

It often involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.



You need dialysis if your kidneys no longer remove enough wastes and fluid from your

blood to keep you healthy.

This usually happens when you have only 10 to 15 percent of your kidney function left.



Haemodialysis

Haemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis and the one most people are aware of.

In hemodialysis, a dialysis machine and a special filter called an artificial kidney,

or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood.

During the procedure, a tube is attached to a needle in your arm.

Blood passes along the tube and into an external machine.

  The dialyzer, or filter, has two parts, one for your blood and one for a

washing fluid called dialysate. A thin membrane separates these two parts.

Blood cells, protein and other important things remain in your

blood because they are too big to pass through the membrane.

Smaller waste products in the blood, such as urea,

creatinine, potassium and extra fluid pass through the membrane and are washed away.

Then it is passed back into the arm along another tube.

This is usually carried out 3 days a week, with each session lasting around 4 hours.



The dialyzer, or filter, has two parts, one for your blood and one for a

washing fluid called dialysate. A thin membrane separates these two parts.

Blood cells, protein and other important things remain in your

blood because they are too big to pass through the membrane.

Smaller waste products in the blood, such as urea,

creatinine, potassium and extra fluid pass through the membrane and are washed away.

செயற்கை மூட்டுமாற்று அறுவை சிகிச்சை-தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்

Knee replacement Surgery -Easy and Quick Reference



Knee replacement, also called arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure

to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis.

Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint,

along with the kneecap. This surgery may be considered for someone who has severe arthritis

or a severe knee injury.



During the procedure



* The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood pressure,

breathing, and blood oxygen level during the surgery.

* The skin over the surgical site will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution.



* The doctor will make an incision in the knee area..

* The doctor will remove the damaged surfaces of the knee joint

and resurface the knee joint with the prosthesis.

The knee prosthesis is made up of metal and plastic.

The most common type of artificial knee prosthesis is a cemented prosthesis.

* The incision will be closed with stitches or surgical staples.

* A drain may be placed in the incision site to remove fluid.

* A sterile bandage or dressing will be applied.



After the surgery you will be taken to the recovery room for observation.

A physical therapist will meet with you soon after your surgery and plan an exercise program

joint replacements carry the same dangers as other major surgeries, like a chance of infections or blood clots.

Realistic activities following total knee replacement include unlimited

walking, swimming, golf, driving, light hiking, biking, ballroom dancing, and other low-impact sports.

With appropriate activity modification, knee replacements can last for many years.

மூட்டு தேய்மானம்(OsteoArthritis) காரணங்கள்,அறிகுறிகள்,பரிசோதனைகள்

Osteoarthritis - Quick and Easy Reference

A joint is where two bones come together. The ends of these bones

are covered with protective tissue called cartilage. With OA, this cartilage breaks down,

causing the bones within the joint to rub together. This can cause pain, stiffness, and other symptoms.



The most common symptoms of osteoarthritis include:

pain

tenderness (discomfort when pressing on the area with your fingers)

stiffness

inflammation



Osteoarthritis diagnosis

Early OA is often diagnosed after an accident or other incident that causes a

fracture requiring an X-ray.

In addition to X-rays, your doctor may use an MRI scan to diagnose OA.



Osteoarthritis Prevention

Control Weight

Exercise

Eat Right

Eat good sources of omega-3 fatty acids

மூலம் /பைல்ஸ் சிகிச்சைகள், வராமல் தடுக்கும் வழிகள் Piles/Hemorrhoids #he...

Hemorrhoids - Treatment and How to Prevent



Injection (sclerotherapy)

In this procedure, your doctor injects a chemical solution

into the hemorrhoid tissue to shrink it.



Banding

Your doctor places one or two tiny rubber bands around the base of

an internal hemorrhoid to cut off its circulation.

The hemorrhoid withers and falls off within a week.



Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is the use of extreme cold

produced by liquid nitrogen  to destroy abnormal tissue.



Coagulation (infrared, laser)

Coagulation techniques use laser or infrared light or heat.

They cause small, bleeding, internal hemorrhoids to harden and shrivel.



Surgery

If you have large hemorrhoids, your doctor may recommend a surgical procedure.

surgeon removes excessive tissue that causes bleeding.



Stapling

During the operation, part of the

anorectum – the last section of the large intestine – is stapled.

It also reduces the supply of blood to the haemorrhoids,

which causes them to gradually shrink.





How to Prevent

Eat fiber

Drink plenty of water throughout the day

Avoid drinking and smoking

Get Plenty of Exercise

Avoid long periods of sitting and standing



If your symptoms change or the bleeding increases, see a doctor and get your symptoms evaluated.

மூலம்(வெளிமூலம்,உள்மூலம்)-காரணங்கள்,அறிகுறிகள்

what are Hemorrhoids/piles? - Quick reference

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes the walls of these

blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop.

Swollen hemorrhoids are also called piles.

What Causes Them?

*Pushing during bowel movements

*That may happen from extra weight, when you're obese or pregnant.



What are the Symptoms?

A first-degree internal hemorrhoid bulges into the anal canal during bowel movements.

A second-degree internal hemorrhoid bulges from the anus during bowel movements, then goes back inside by itself.

A third-degree hemorrhoid bulges from the anus during bowel movements and must be pushed back in with a finger.

A fourth-degree hemorrhoid protrudes from the anus all the time.

HPV Vaccination

HPV Vaccination - What you need to know?



Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs

in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus

that connects to the vagina.



Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV),

a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer.



When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm.

In a small group of women, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that

causes some cells on the surface of the cervix to become cancer cells.

One out of 4 women who die of cervical cancer is from India.

every seven minutes one woman dies of cervical cancer in India.

Cervical cancer kills roughly 60000 Indian women annually.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been detected in 99.7% of all cases of Cervical Cancer worldwide.



The HPV vaccine is made from tiny proteins,

When the vaccine is given, the body makes antibodies

in response to the protein to clear it from the body.

If a person is then exposed to the real virus,

the same antibodies can prevent it from

entering the cells of the body and creating an infection (immunity).

quadrivalent vaccine - for four strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) -- HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18.



Bivalent vaccine - for human papillomavirus (HPV) -- HPV-16, and 18.

The best way to get information about HPV vaccination is by visiting a gynaecologist.

HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for82%of cervical cancers in India.

Do males need HPV vaccine?

The HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It can protect men against warts and certain cancers caused by HPV.

An Age limit for HPV vaccination?

The best time is between

9-13 years of age before they become sexually active.

HPV vaccination is recommended for all sexually active adults.

It can be given until age 45.

Vaccines against hpv are successful at preventing the development of those viruses.



Who should not get the HPV vaccine?

people with the allergy and it is not recommended for pregnant women.



vaccinated women will still need regular cervical cancer screening

because the vaccine protects against most but not all HPV types that cause cervical cancer.



Cervical cancer, mainly caused by Human Papillomavirus infection,

is the leading cancer in Indian women and the second most common cancer in women worldwide.

பயாப்சி (BIOPSY)--திசுப் பரிசோதனை தெரிந்து கொள்வோம் !! (English Subtitle...

Biopsies - Overview

A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnosis most cancers.

When a nodule is detected, imaging tests may be 

performed to help determine if it is benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).



Using imaging guidance, the physician will insert the needle through the skin, 

advance it to the site of the nodule and remove samples of tissue. 

Several specimens may be needed for complete analysis.

After the sampling, the needle will be removed.



After the tissue is collected, it is sent to a laboratory for analysis. 

A pathologist will examine the biopsy tissue under a microscope. 

A full report from the pathologist will be sent to your doctor in a few days.

The results can take anywhere from 4 to 7 days.



There are several different kinds of biopsies. Your doctor will choose the type to use based 

on your condition and the area of your body that needs closer review.



bone marrow biopsy

If your doctor suspects that there are problems with your blood like leukemia, anemia, infection, or lymphoma..

you may undergo a bone marrow biopsy.Bone marrow is most easily accessed using a long needle inserted into your hipbone. 

Endoscopic biopsies

Endoscopic biopsies are used to reach tissue inside the body in order to gather samples from places like the bladder, colon, or lung.

The endoscope can be inserted through a small incision in your body, or through any opening in the body, 

including the mouth, nose, rectum, or urethra. 

skin biopsy

your skin which is suspicious for a certain condition,your doctor may perform or order a biopsy of the involved area of skin. 

Surgical biopsy

Surgical biopsy--a surgeon may need to get a specimen using a laparoscope or by making a traditional incision.



While a biopsy may sound scary, it’s important to remember that most are entirely pain-free and low-risk procedures.