மருத்துவ தகவல்கள் - தமிழில்......
நோய் இன்னதென்று ஆராய்ந்து,நோயின் காரணம் ஆராய்ந்து,
அதைத் தணிக்கும் வழியையும் ஆராய்ந்து, உடலுக்கு பொருந்தும் படியாகச்
செய்ய வேண்டும். - திருவள்ளுவர்
The immediate response to a fracture is bleeding from the blood vessels dotted throughout our bones.New bone starts to form mostly at the edges of the fracture.To fill the void space between the broken ends, cells produce soft cartilage. Then, special cells called osteoblasts create a hard bony callus using collagen and minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Thus forming our new bone. However, this new bone is irregular in shape. Hence, cells called osteoclasts start remodeling the bone. Resulting in the formation of bone similar to the original shape.Cartilage, or soft callus, formation peaks around 8 days after injury.
A complete blood count (CBC) gives important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood, especially red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets . A CBC helps to diagnose conditions, such as anemia , infection, and many other disorders.
A CBC test usually includes:
Red blood cell (RBC) count
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They also carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs so it can be exhaled. If the RBC count is low (anemia), the body may not be getting the oxygen it needs. If the count is too high (a condition called polycythemia), there is a chance that the red blood cells will clump together and block tiny blood vessels (capillaries). This also makes it hard for your red blood cells to carry oxygen.
Hematocrit
This test measures the amount of space (volume) red blood cells take up in the blood. The value is given as a percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. For example, a hematocrit of 38 means that 38% of the blood's volume is made of red blood cells. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values are the two major tests that show if anemia or polycythemia is present.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
The hemoglobin molecule fills up the red blood cells. It carries oxygen and gives the blood cell its red color. The hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood and is a good measure of the blood's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cell count
White blood cells protect the body against infection. If an infection develops, white blood cells attack and destroy the bacteria, virus, or other organism causing it. White blood cells are bigger than red blood cells but fewer in number. When a person has a bacterial infection, the number of white cells rises very quickly. The number of white blood cells is sometimes used to find an infection or to see how the body is dealing with cancer treatment.
White blood cell types
The major types of white blood cells are neutrophils , lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Immature neutrophils, called band neutrophils, are also part of this test. Each type of cell plays a different role in protecting the body. The numbers of each one of these types of white blood cells give important information about the immune system . Too many or too few of the different types of white blood cells can help find an infection, an allergic or toxic reaction to medicines or chemicals, and many conditions,such as leukemia .
Platelet (thrombocyte) count
Platelets (thrombocytes) are the smallest type of blood cell. They are important in blood clotting. When bleeding occurs, the platelets swell, clump together, and form a sticky plug that helps stop the bleeding. If there are too few platelets, uncontrolled bleeding may be a problem. If there are too many platelets, there is a chance of a blood clot forming in a blood vessel. Also, platelets may be involved in hardening of the arteries .
How do we know our hunger and our stomach is full?
our stomach and brain are constantly communicating with each other. With the help of hormones and nerves. The stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin. Ghrelin generally travels to the brain through blood and informs the brain that we need to eat and thus, we feel hungry. Now, when we eat food to satisfy our hunger, the food enters our stomach, causing its walls to stretch and expand. When this happens. The nerves on the stomach walls detect the expansion and tell the brain that our stomach is full and our hunger is satisfied.
When we begin to eat. Nutrients in food stimulate the release of cholecystokinin which eventually enters the bloodstream. It is the presence of this cholecystokinin in the blood. Which informs the brain that we are eating food and not just drinking water. Now, as we eat more food, more cholecystokinin is released. Informing our brain that our stomach is getting full with food.
Vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent disease and save lives – now more than ever. Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body’s natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.Vaccines train your immune system to create antibodies, just as it does when it’s exposed to a disease. However, because vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.Most vaccines are given by an injection, but some are given orally.
Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with your body’s natural defenses to build protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds. It: Recognizes the invading germ, such as the virus or bacteria. \Produces antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced naturally by the immune system to fight disease. Remembers the disease and how to fight it. If you are then exposed to the germ in the future, your immune system can quickly destroy it before you become unwell.
Menopause is the end of a woman’s menstrual cycles.Women are born with all of their eggs, which are stored in their ovaries. Their ovaries also make the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which control their period (menstruation) and the release of eggs (ovulation). Menopause happens when the ovaries no longer release an egg every month and menstruation stops.Menopause is a regular part of aging when it happens after the age of 40.
A fever is not a disease. It is usually a sign that your body is trying to fight an illness or infection.
Infections cause most fevers. You get a fever because your body is trying to kill the virus or bacteria that caused the infection.
The hypothalamus, which sits at the base of the brain, acts as the body's thermostat. It is triggered by floating biochemical substances called pyrogens, which flow from sites where the immune system has identified potential trouble to the hypothalamus via the bloodstream.
One purpose of a fever is thought to be to raise the body's temperature high enough to kill off certain bacteria and viruses sensitive
Pneumonia Causes,Symptoms and Pneumococcal Vaccine
Pneumonia is an infection that affects one or both lungs. It causes the air sacs, or alveoli,
of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia Causes
Most of the time your body filters germs out of the air that you breathe. Sometimes germs, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, get into your lungs and cause infections.
When these germs get into your lungs, your immune system, which is your body's natural defense against germs, goes into action.
Immune cells attack the germs and may cause inflammation of your air sacs, or alveoli.
Inflammation can cause your air sacs to fill up with fluid and pus and cause the symptoms of pneumonia.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:
Chest pain when you breathe or cough
Chills
Cough with or without mucus
Fever
Shortness of breath
Pneumococcal Vaccination
Pneumococcal disease is common in young children, but older adults are at greatest risk of serious illness and death.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the good kind of cholesterol and the kind you want. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the bad kind of cholesterol and the kind you want to keep in check.
HDL, LDL, and triglycerides — a type of fat carried in the blood — make up total cholesterol levels.
Daily exercise is one of the best natural ways to boost your HDL
Avoid reused oils,smoking,Junk foods, meat can lower your LDL level
control your blood pressure levels
High-fiber foods
High-fiber foods can lower your LDL level, and raise your HDL level.
Whole grains
Whole grains may lower your LDL and total cholesterol.
Fatty fish
Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, can lower your LDL.
The common cold is very common during monsoon. It is highly contagious as the virus spreads through the air.
Typhoid :
It is a waterborne bacterial infection caused by salmonella bacteria. It is caused due to consumption of contaminated food and water.
Hepatitis A :
It is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The infection spread by eating fruits, vegetables, and other food that is contaminated.
Dengue :
It is caused by a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes known as the tiger mosquito, which has black and white stripes on their body.
Malaria :
It is caused by a particular species of mosquito breeding in the dirty water. This disease is spread by the female Anopheles mosquito.
Viral fever :
Sudden weather change can cause viral fevers. This is highly contagious and it can spread through air and physical contact.
During the rainy season, there is a lot of chances that the water gets stagnant in all the possible places and it provides a place for mosquitoes to breed and spread the disease.
There are 3 stages of hair growth in the cycle, from actively beginning growth from the root to hair shedding. These are known as the Anagen phase, Catagen phase and Telogen
phase.
THE ANAGEN PHASE
The Anagen phase is the period of growth.
The cells in the hair bulb divide rapidly creating new hair growth. Hair actively grows from the roots
for an average of 3-7 years before hair follicles becomes dormant.
The length of this phase is dependent on your maximum hair length,
which varies between people due to genetics, age, health and many
more factors.
THE CATAGEN PHASE
The second phase of your hair growth cycle is Catagen.
This period is short, lasting only 2-3 weeks on average.
In this transitional phase, hair stops growing and detaches
itself from the blood supply.
THE TELOGEN PHASE
Finally, hair enters it’s third and final stage called the
Telogen phase. This phase begins with a resting period, where
club hairs rest in the root while new hair begins to grow beneath
it. This phase lasts for around 4 months.
After this time, the resting club hairs will fall out to
allow the new hair to come through the hair follicle. This
is nothing to be alarmed about and is a natural process that
should go completely unnoticed. Each follicle is independent
and goes through the growth cycle at different times so you don’t
lose patches of hair all at once and only shed 50-100 hairs each
A scar is the end result of human wound healing. A wound can be created by any injury.
Scars form when the dermis is damaged. The body forms new collagen fibers
to mend the damage, resulting in a scar. The new scar tissue will have a different texture and quality than the surrounding tissue. Scars form after a wound is completely healed.
Rabies - Causes,Symptoms,Treatment and How to prevent Rabies
Rabies virus is transmitted through direct contact (such as through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with saliva or brain/nervous system tissue from
an infected animal.
If you’ve been in contact with any wildlife or unfamiliar animals, particularly if you’ve been bitten or scratched. Wash any wounds immediately with soap and water and then plan
to see a healthcare provider. See your doctor for attention for any trauma due to an animal attack before considering the need for rabies vaccination.
Symptoms
Rabies progresses in five distinct stages:
*incubation
*prodrome
*acute neurologic period
*coma
*death
Treatment
A series of rabies vaccines:
These will be injected into the arm over the next 2 to 4 weeks.
These will train the body to fight the virus whenever it finds it.
It is not usually possible to find out whether the animal has
rabies or not. It is safest to assume the worst and begin the
course of shots.A small number of people have survived rabies,
but most cases are fatal once the symptoms develop. There is no
effective treatment at this stage.A person with symptoms should
be made as comfortable as possible. They may need breathing
Mechanical ventilation is a form of life support. A mechanical ventilator is a machine that takes over the work of breathing when a person is not able to breathe enough on their own. The
mechanical ventilator is also called a ventilator, respirator, or breathing machine. There are many reasons why a patient may need a ventilator, but low oxygen levels or severe shortness
of breath from an infection such as pneumonia are the most common reasons.
How does a ventilator work?
When a person needs to be on a ventilator, a healthcare provider will insert an endotracheal tube (ET tube) through the patient’s nose or mouth and into their windpipe (trachea). This tube is then connected to the ventilator. The endotracheal tube and ventilator do a variety of jobs.
The ventilator pushes a mixture of air and oxygen into the patient’s lungs to get oxygen into the body.
Kidneys for transplantation come from two different sources: a living donor or a deceased donor.
Surgery
The transplant surgery is performed under general anesthesia. The operation usually takes 2-4 hours. This type of operation is a heterotopic transplant meaning the kidney is placed in a different location than the existing kidneys. Liver and heart transplants are orthotopic transplants, in which the diseased organ is removed and the transplanted organ is placed in the same location.
The kidney transplant is placed in the front part of the lower abdomen, in the pelvis.The original kidneys are not usually removed unless they are causing severe problems such as uncontrollable high blood pressure, frequent kidney infections, or are greatly enlarged. The artery that carries blood to the kidney and the vein that carries blood away is surgically connected to the artery and vein already existing in the pelvis of the recipient. The ureter, or tube, that carries urine from the kidney is connected to the bladder.
Your body needs fat to function Properly. It makes up almost all of the fat you need in your liver.
The cells in your body need fat as part of their cell membrane.Your skin uses sunlight and fat to make vitamin D.In humans, certain glands, such as sperm and adrenal glands, use fat to make important chemicals called hormones.Your liver uses fat to make bile acids, which help digest the fat in the food you eat. Your body uses triglycerides for energy.Not by your lipids from your liver Go into your bloodstream without some adjustment. Your liver wraps some proteins around lipids to activate their movement. The result is lipoprotein The so-called new molecule moves to the cells needed in your bloodstream and throughout your body.
HDL
Your liver produces high density protein or HDL also known as good cholesterol .
HDL is high It also contains protein and very little fat and triglycerides compared to LDL. HDL in your cells and in your blood vessels Helps to remove excess fat from plaque. This is why HDL is called good cholesterol. HDL Excess Fat YourGives it to the liver, removes it from your body.
VLDL or LDL
your liver produces low-density lipoproteins or vldls.
It is caused by bad cholesterol or LDL. These lipoproteins are replenished with fat and triglycerides. VLDL Triglycerides in your bloodstreamProvides for your cells They use it for energy. Your liver has more VLDL than youPhysical Energy Requirements VLDL stores extra triglycerides as body fat.
Is lipoprotein or LDL. LDL travels in your bloodstreamSupplying fat to the required cells. If your body makes too much LDL it can build up in your blood. LDL in the walls of your blood vessels
Can be deposited. Over time this build up will narrow the blood vessel and reduce blood flow.
ECG, also referred to as EKG, is the abbreviation of the word electrocardiogram – a heart test that tracks the electrical activity of your heart and records it on a moving paper or shows it as a moving line on a screen. An ECG scan is used to analyze the heart’s rhythm and detect irregularities and other cardiac issues that might lead to serious health problems such as a stroke or heart attack.
To get an ECG trace, an ECG monitor is needed to record it.
As the electrical signals move through the heart, the ECG monitor records the strength
and the timing of these signals in a graph called a P wave.
Traditional monitors use patches and wires to attach electrodes to the body and communicate
the ECG trace to a receiver.
The length of an ECG test varies depending on the type of the test being performed.
Sometimes it can take a few seconds or minutes. For longer, more continuous monitoring
there are devices that can record your ECG for several days or even a week or two.
Holter monitor
The electrical activity of the heart is typically recorded over a period of 24 hours.
Three or four electrodes are attached to your chest, and a small recording device is worn on a belt or
hung around your neck. The ECG data are then transferred to a computer
later on at the doctor's office for analysis. To do this, the doctor also needs information about your
daily schedule (like unusual events, physical activity and sleep). A Holter monitor may be used if,
for instance, you only have an irregular heartbeat some of the time and it doesn't show up in a “normal” ECG.
MRI scan uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate images of parts of
the body that can't be seen as well with X-rays, CT scans or ultrasound.
The human body is mostly water. Water molecules (H2O) contain hydrogen nuclei (protons),
which become aligned in a magnetic field. An MRI scanner applies a very strong magnetic field
(about 0.2 to 3 teslas, or roughly a thousand times the strength of a typical fridge magnet),
which aligns the proton "spins."
The scanner also produces a radio frequency current that creates a varying magnetic field.
The protons absorb the energy from the magnetic field and flip their spins. When the field is turned off, the protons gradually return to their normal spin, a process called precession.
The return process produces a radio signal that can be measured by receivers
in the scanner and made into an image.Protons in different body tissues return to their normal spins at different rates, so the scanner can distinguish among various types of tissue. The scanner settings
can be adjusted to produce contrasts between different body tissues. Additional magnetic fields
are used to produce 3-dimensional images that may be viewed from different angles.
RA is an autoimmune disease. Your immune system is supposed to attack foreigners in your body, like bacteria and viruses, by creating inflammation. In an autoimmune disease,
the immune system mistakenly sends inflammation to your own healthy tissue.
The immune system creates a lot of inflammation that is sent to your joints causing joint pain and swelling. If the inflammation remains present for a long period of time,
it can cause damage to the joint. This damage typically cannot be reversed once it occurs.
signs and symptoms that can occur in RA include:
Loss of energy
Low fevers
Loss of appetite
Dry eyes and mouth from a related health problem, Sjogren's syndrome
Firm lumps, called rheumatoid nodules, which grow beneath the skin in places such as the elbow and hands
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Diagnosis
RA is diagnosed by examining blood test results, examining the joints and organs, and reviewing x-ray or ultrasound images.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Treatment
There is no cure for RA. The goal of treatment is to improve your joint pain and swelling
and to improve your ability to perform day-to-day activities.
Starting medication as soon as possible helps prevent your joints from having lasting
or possibly permanent damage. No single treatment works for all patients.
Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the
inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin.
This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.
Large incisions can be avoided during laparoscopy because the surgeon uses an instrument called a laparoscope.This is a small tube that has a light source and a camera,
which relays images of the inside of the abdomen or pelvis to a television monitor.
Procedure
During laparoscopy, the surgeon makes a small cut (incision) of around 1 to 1.5cm (0.4 to 0.6 inches), usually near your belly button.A tube is inserted through the incision, and carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the tube to inflate your tummy (abdomen). Inflating your abdomen allows the surgeon to see your organs more clearly and gives them more room to work. A laparoscope is then inserted through this tube. The laparoscope relays images to a television monitor in the operating theatre, giving the surgeon a clear view of the whole area.If the laparoscopy is used to carry out a surgical treatment, such as removing your appendix, further incisions will be made in your abdomen. Small, surgical instruments can be inserted through these incisions, and the surgeon can guide them
to the right place using the view from the laparoscope. Once in place, the instruments can be
used to carry out the required treatment.After the procedure, the carbon dioxide is
let out of your abdomen, the incisions are closed using stitches or clips and a dressing is applied.
